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the Bible online. A free Bible on your phone, tablet, or computer. | The Bible App | Bible.comYouVersion LogoBiblePlansVideosSearchGet the appLanguage SelectorSearch IconSkip this page in the futureGet a free Bible for your phone and tablet.Online or offline–Bible App is available any time. No ads. No purchases.Or Read the Bible OnlineExperience it anywhereChoose from more than 2400 Bible versions in over 1600 languages on your computer, phone, or tablet -- with many available as audio Bibles.View Bible VersionsMake it your BibleHighlight or Bookmark your favorite verses, make Verse Images that you can share, and attach public or private Notes to Bible passages.Create Your Free AccountInstall the App NowBible App is completely free, with no advertising and no in–app purchases. It’s been installed on over half a billion devices!Download the Free Bible AppVerse of the DayFor I am not ashamed of this Good News about Christ. It is the power of God at work, saving everyone who believes—the Jew first and also the Gentile.Romans 1:16 (NLT)SubscribeFree Reading Plans and DevotionalsBible Plans help you engage with God's Word every day, a little at a time.Dwell | Holy Week and Easter8 Days •Start planHoly Week8 Days •Start planI AM - An Easter Devotional3 Days •Start planThe Artist Bible: Easter 8 Days •Start planMusic: Bible Songs for Easter3 Days •Start planHoly Week Through the Eyes of the Languages of the World8 Days •Start planEaster: If the Grave Could Talk6 Days •Start planOur Daily Bread Easter: Amazing Grace10 Days •Start planHis Great Sacrifice, Our Great Commission10 Days •Start planBrowse All PlansRead, Listen, Watch, ShareDownload the Free Bible AppYouVersionEncouraging and challenging you to seek intimacy with God every day.MinistryAboutCareersVolunteerBlogPressUseful LinksHelpDonateBible VersionsAudio BiblesBible LanguagesVerse of the DayA Digital Ministry ofLife.ChurchEnglish (US)©2024 Life.Church / YouVersionPrivacy PolicyTermsVulnerability Disclosure ProgramFacebookTwitterInstagramYouTubePinterestYouVersion uses cookies to personalize your experience. By using our website, you accept our use of cookies as described in our Privacy PolicyOKHomeBiblePlansVid

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2 Peter 1:4

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Through these he has given us his very great and precious promises, so that through them you may participate in the divine nature, having escaped the corruption in the world caused by evil desires.

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John 1 | NLT Bible | YouVersion

1 | NLT Bible | YouVersionYouVersion LogoBiblePlansVideosSearchGet the appLanguage SelectorSearch IconJohn 1NLTParallelREADER SETTINGSJohn 1

1Prologue: Christ, the Eternal Word 1In the beginning the Word already existed.The Word was with God,and the Word was God. 2He existed in the beginning with God. 3God created everything through him,and nothing was created except through him. 4The Word gave life to everything that was created,#1:3-4 Or and nothing that was created was created except through him. The Word gave life to everything.and his life brought light to everyone. 5The light shines in the darkness,and the darkness can never extinguish it.#1:5 Or and the darkness has not understood it. 6God sent a man, John the Baptist,#1:6 Greek a man named John. 7to tell about the light so that everyone might believe because of his testimony. 8John himself was not the light; he was simply a witness to tell about the light. 9The one who is the true light, who gives light to everyone, was coming into the world. 10He came into the very world he created, but the world didn’t recognize him. 11He came to his own people, and even they rejected him. 12But to all who believed him and accepted him, he gave the right to become children of God. 13They are reborn—not with a physical birth resulting from human passion or plan, but a birth that comes from God. 14So the Word became human#1:14a Greek became flesh. and made his home among us. He was full of unfailing love and faithfulness.#1:14b Or grace and truth; also in 1:17. And we have seen his glory, the glory of the Father’s one and only Son. 15John testified about him when he shouted to the crowds, “This is the one I was talking about when I said, ‘Someone is coming after me who is far greater than I am, for he existed long before me.’” 16From his abundance we have all received one gracious blessing after another.#1:16 Or received the grace of Christ rather than the grace of the law; Greek reads received grace upon grace. 17For the law was given through Moses, but God’s unfailing love and faithfulness came through Jesus Christ. 18No one has ever seen God. But the unique One, who is himself God,#1:18 Some manuscripts read But the one and only Son. is near to the Father’s heart. He has revealed God to us.The Testimony of John the Baptist 19This was John’s testimony when the Jewish leaders sent priests and Temple assistants#1:19 Greek and Levites. from Jerusalem to ask John, “Who are you?” 20He came right out and said, “I am not the Messiah.” 21“Well then, who are you?” they asked. “Are you Elijah?”“No,” he replied.“Are you the Prophet we are expecting?”#1:21 Greek Are you the Prophet? See Deut 18:15, 18; Mal 4:5-6.“No.” 22“Then who are you? We need an answer for those who sent us. What do you have to say about yourself?” 23John replied in the words of the prophet Isaiah:“I am a voice shouting in the wilderness,‘Clear the way for the Lord’s coming!’”#1:23 Isa 40:3. 24Then the Pharisees who had been sent 25asked him, “If you aren’t the Messiah or Elijah or the Prophet, what right do you have to baptize?” 26John told them, “I baptize with#1:26 Or in; also in 1:31, 33. water, but right here in the crowd is someone you do not recognize. 27Though his ministry follows mine, I’m not even worthy to be his slave and untie the straps of his sandal.” 28This encounter took place in Bethany, an area east of the Jordan River, where John was baptizing.Jesus, the Lamb of God 29The next day John saw Jesus coming toward him and said, “Look! The Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world! 30He is the one I was talking about when I said, ‘A man is coming after me who is far greater than I am, for he existed long before me.’ 31I did not recognize him as the Messiah, but I have been baptizing with water so that he might be revealed to Israel.” 32Then John testified, “I saw the Holy Spirit descending like a dove from heaven and resting upon him. 33I didn’t know he was the one, but when God sent me to baptize with water, he told me, ‘The one on whom you see the Spirit descend and rest is the one who will baptize with the Holy Spirit.’ 34I saw this happen to Jesus, so I testify that he is the Chosen One of God.#1:34 Some manuscripts read the Son of God.”The First Disciples 35The following day John was again standing with two of his disciples. 36As Jesus walked by, John looked at him and declared, “Look! There is the Lamb of God!” 37When John’s two disciples heard this, they followed Jesus. 38Jesus looked around and saw them following. “What do you want?” he asked them.They replied, “Rabbi” (which means “Teacher”), “where are you staying?” 39 “Come and see,” he said. It was about four o’clock in the afternoon when they went with him to the place where he was staying, and they remained with him the rest of the day. 40Andrew, Simon Peter’s brother, was one of these men who heard what John said and then followed Jesus. 41Andrew went to find his brother, Simon, and told him, “We have found the Messiah” (which means “Christ”#1:41 Messiah (a Hebrew term) and Christ (a Greek term) both mean “anointed one.”). 42Then Andrew brought Simon to meet Jesus. Looking intently at Simon, Jesus said, “Your name is Simon, son of John—but you will be called Cephas” (which means “Peter”#1:42 The names Cephas (from Aramaic) and Peter (from Greek) both mean “rock.”). 43The next day Jesus decided to go to Galilee. He found Philip and said to him, “Come, follow me.” 44Philip was from Bethsaida, Andrew and Peter’s hometown. 45Philip went to look for Nathanael and told him, “We have found the very person Moses#1:45 Greek Moses in the law. and the prophets wrote about! His name is Jesus, the son of Joseph from Nazareth.” 46“Nazareth!” exclaimed Nathanael. “Can anything good come from Nazareth?”“Come and see for yourself,” Philip replied. 47As they approached, Jesus said, “Now here is a genuine son of Israel—a man of complete integrity.” 48“How do you know about me?” Nathanael asked.Jesus replied, “I could see you under the fig tree before Philip found you.” 49Then Nathanael exclaimed, “Rabbi, you are the Son of God—the King of Israel!” 50Jesus asked him, “Do you believe this just because I told you I had seen you under the fig tree? You will see greater things than this.” 51Then he said, “I tell you the truth, you will all see heaven open and the angels of God going up and down on the Son of Man, the one who is the stairway between heaven and earth.#1:51 Greek going up and down on the Son of Man; see Gen 28:10-17. “Son of Man” is a title Jesus used for himself.”

Currently Selected:John 1: NLTHighlightShareCopyWant to have your highlights saved across all your devices? Sign up or sign inHoly Bible, New Living Translation copyright 1996, 2004, 2007, 2015 by Tyndale House Foundation.

For more information about the NLT:Learn More About New Living TranslationPopular Bible Verses from John 1Listen to John 1Bible: EnglishVersion: New Living Translation - NLTJohn 1Previous ChapterNext ChapterYouVersionEncouraging and challenging you to seek intimacy with God every day.MinistryAboutCareersVolunteerBlogPressUseful LinksHelpDonateBible VersionsAudio BiblesBible LanguagesVerse of the DayA Digital Ministry ofLife.ChurchEnglish (US)©2024 Life.Church / YouVersionPrivacy PolicyTermsVulnerability Disclosure ProgramFacebookTwitterInstagramYouTubePinterestYouVersion uses cookies to personalize your experience. By using our website, you accept our use of cookies as described in our Privacy PolicyOKHomeBiblePlansVid

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---Amuzgo de Guerrero (AMU)---

Amuzgo de Guerrero (AMU)

---العربية (AR)---

Arabic Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-AR)

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Awadhi Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-AWA)

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Contemporary English Version (CEV)

Darby Translation (DARBY)

Disciples’ Literal New Testament (DLNT)

Douay-Rheims 1899 American Edition (DRA)

Easy-to-Read Version (ERV)

EasyEnglish Bible (EASY)

Evangelical Heritage Version (EHV)

English Standard Version (ESV)

English Standard Version Anglicised (ESVUK)

Expanded Bible (EXB)

1599 Geneva Bible (GNV)

GOD’S WORD Translation (GW)

Good News Translation (GNT)

Holman Christian Standard Bible (HCSB)

International Children’s Bible (ICB)

International Standard Version (ISV)

J.B. Phillips New Testament (PHILLIPS)

Jubilee Bible 2000 (JUB)

King James Version (KJV)

Authorized (King James) Version (AKJV)

Legacy Standard Bible (LSB)

Lexham English Bible (LEB)

Living Bible (TLB)

The Message (MSG)

Modern English Version (MEV)

Mounce Reverse Interlinear New Testament (MOUNCE)

Names of God Bible (NOG)

New American Bible (Revised Edition) (NABRE)

New American Standard Bible (NASB)

New American Standard Bible 1995 (NASB1995)

New Catholic Bible (NCB)

New Century Version (NCV)

New English Translation (NET)

New International Reader's Version (NIRV)

New International Version (NIV)

New International Version - UK (NIVUK)

New King James Version (NKJV)

New Life Version (NLV)

New Living Translation (NLT)

New Matthew Bible (NMB)

New Revised Standard Version, Anglicised (NRSVA)

New Revised Standard Version, Anglicised Catholic Edition (NRSVACE)

New Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition (NRSVCE)

New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition (NRSVUE)

New Testament for Everyone (NTFE)

Orthodox Jewish Bible (OJB)

Revised Geneva Translation (RGT)

Revised Standard Version (RSV)

Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition (RSVCE)

Tree of Life Version (TLV)

The Voice (VOICE)

World English Bible (WEB)

Worldwide English (New Testament) (WE)

Wycliffe Bible (WYC)

Young's Literal Translation (YLT)

---Español (ES)---

La Biblia de las Américas (LBLA)

Biblia del Jubileo (JBS)

Dios Habla Hoy (DHH)

Nueva Biblia de las Américas (NBLA)

Nueva Biblia Viva (NBV)

Nueva Traducción Viviente (NTV)

Nueva Versión Internacional (NVI)

Nueva Versión Internacional (Castilian) (CST)

Palabra de Dios para Todos (PDT)

La Palabra (España) (BLP)

La Palabra (Hispanoamérica) (BLPH)

Reina Valera Actualizada (RVA-2015)

Reina Valera Contemporánea (RVC)

Reina-Valera 1960 (RVR1960)

Reina Valera Revisada (RVR1977)

Reina-Valera 1995 (RVR1995)

Reina-Valera Antigua (RVA)

Spanish Blue Red and Gold Letter Edition (SRV-BRG)

Traducción en lenguaje actual (TLA)

---Suomi (FI)---

Raamattu 1933/38 (R1933)

---Français (FR)---

La Bible du Semeur (BDS)

Louis Segond (LSG)

Nouvelle Edition de Genève – NEG1979 (NEG1979)

Segond 21 (SG21)

---Κοινη (GRC)---

1550 Stephanus New Testament (TR1550)

1881 Westcott-Hort New Testament (WHNU)

1894 Scrivener New Testament (TR1894)

SBL Greek New Testament (SBLGNT)

Tyndale House Greek New Testament (THGNT)

---ગુજરાતી (GU)---

Gujarati: પવિત્ર બાઈબલ (GERV)

---עברית (HE)---

Habrit Hakhadasha/Haderekh (HHH)

The Westminster Leningrad Codex (WLC)

---हिन्दी (HI)---

Hindi Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-HI)

Saral Hindi Bible (SHB)

---Ilonggo (HIL)---

Ang Pulong Sang Dios (HLGN)

---Chhattisgarhi (HNE)---

New Chhattisgarhi Translation (नवां नियम छत्तीसगढ़ी) (NCA)

---Hrvatski (HR)---

Biblija: suvremeni hrvatski prijevod (SHP)

Hrvatski Novi Zavjet – Rijeka 2001 (HNZ-RI)

Knijga O Kristu (CRO)

---Kreyòl ayisyen (HT)---

Haitian Creole Version (HCV)

Nouvo Testaman: Vèsyon Kreyòl Fasil (VKF)

---Magyar (HU)---

Hungarian Károli (KAR)

Hungarian Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-HU)

Hungarian New Translation (NT-HU)

---Hawai‘i Pidgin (HWC)---

Hawai‘i Pidgin (HWP)

---Íslenska (IS)---

Icelandic Bible (ICELAND)

---Italiano (IT)---

La Bibbia della Gioia (BDG)

Conferenza Episcopale Italiana (CEI)

La Nuova Diodati (LND)

Nuova Riveduta 1994 (NR1994)

Nuova Riveduta 2006 (NR2006)

---日本語 (JA)---

Japanese Living Bible (JLB)

---Jacalteco, Oriental (JAC)---

Jacalteco, Oriental (JAC)

---Kekchi (KEK)---

Kekchi (KEK)

---한국어 (KO)---

Korean Living Bible (KLB)

---Latina (LA)---

Biblia Sacra Vulgata (VULGATE)

---Luganda (LG)---

Endagaano Enkadde nʼEndagaano Empya (LCB)

---Māori (MI)---

Maori Bible (MAORI)

---Македонски (MK)---

Macedonian New Testament (MNT)

---मराठी (MR)---

Marathi Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-MR)

---Mam, Central (MVC)---

Mam, Central (MVC)

---Mam, Todos Santos (MVJ)---

Mam de Todos Santos Chuchumatán (MVJ)

---Plautdietsch (NDS)---

Reimer 2001 (REIMER)

---नेपाली (NE)---

Nepali Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-NE)

---Náhuatl de Guerrero (NGU)---

Náhuatl de Guerrero (NGU)

---Nederlands (NL)---

BasisBijbel (BB)

Het Boek (HTB)

---Norsk (NO)---

Det Norsk Bibelselskap 1930 (DNB1930)

En Levende Bok (LB)

---Chichewa (NY)---

Mawu a Mulungu mu Chichewa Chalero (CCL)

---ଓଡ଼ିଆ (OR)---

Oriya Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-OR)

---ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (PA)---

Punjabi Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-PA)

---Polski (PL)---

Nowe Przymierze (NP)

Słowo Życia (SZ-PL)

Updated Gdańsk Bible (UBG)

---Nawat (PPL)---

Ne Bibliaj Tik Nawat (NBTN)

---Português (PT)---

Almeida Revista e Corrigida 2009 (ARC)

Portuguese New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (VFL)

Nova Traduҫão na Linguagem de Hoje 2000 (NTLH)

Nova Versão Transformadora (NVT)

Nova Versão Internacional (NVI-PT)

O Livro (OL)

---Quichua (QU)---

Mushuj Testamento Diospaj Shimi (MTDS)

---Quiché, Centro Occidenta (QUT)---

Quiché, Centro Occidental (QUT)

---Română (RO)---

Cornilescu 1924 - Revised 2010, 2014 (RMNN)

Nouă Traducere În Limba Română (NTLR)

---Русский (RU)---

New Russian Translation (NRT)

Священное Писание (Восточный Перевод) (CARS)

Священное Писание (Восточный перевод), версия для Таджикистана (CARST)

Священное Писание (Восточный перевод), версия с «Аллахом» (CARSA)

Russian New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-RU)

Russian Synodal Version (RUSV)

---Slovenčina (SK)---

Nádej pre kazdého (NPK)

---Somali (SO)---

Somali Bible (SOM)

---Shqip (SQ)---

Albanian Bible (ALB)

---Српски (SR)---

New Serbian Translation (NSP)

Serbian New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-SR)

---Svenska (SV)---

nuBibeln (Swedish Contemporary Bible) (NUB)

Svenska 1917 (SV1917)

Svenska Folkbibeln (SFB)

Svenska Folkbibeln 2015 (SFB15)

Swedish New Living Bible (Nya Levande Bibeln) (SVL)

---Kiswahili (SW)---

Agano Jipya: Tafsiri ya Kusoma-Kwa-Urahisi (TKU)

Neno: Bibilia Takatifu (SNT)

---தமிழ் (TA)---

Tamil Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-TA)

---ภาษาไทย (TH)---

New Thai Version (NTV-BIBLE)

Thai New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-TH)

Thai New Contemporary Bible (TNCV)

---Tagalog (TL)---

Ang Bagong Tipan: Filipino Standard Version (FSV)

Ang Biblia (1978) (ABTAG1978)

Ang Biblia, 2001 (ABTAG2001)

Ang Dating Biblia (1905) (ADB1905)

Ang Salita ng Dios (Tagalog Contemporary Bible) (ASND)

Ang Salita ng Diyos (SND)

Magandang Balita Biblia (MBBTAG)

Magandang Balita Biblia (with Deuterocanon) (MBBTAG-DC)

---Twi (TWI)---

Nkwa Asem (NA-TWI)

---Українська (UK)---

Ukrainian Bible (UKR)

Ukrainian New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-UK)

---اردو (UR)---

Urdu Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-UR)

---Uspanteco (USP)---

Uspanteco (USP)

---Tiêng Viêt (VI)---

Bản Dịch 2011 (BD2011)

New Vietnamese Bible (NVB)

Vietnamese Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (BPT)

---Yorùbá (YO)---

Bíbélì Mímọ́ Yorùbá Òde Òn (BYO)

---汉语 (ZH)---

Chinese Contemporary Bible (Simplified) (CCB)

Chinese Contemporary Bible (Traditional) (CCBT)

Chinese New Testament: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV-ZH)

Chinese New Version (Simplified) (CNVS)

Chinese New Version (Traditional) (CNVT)

Chinese Standard Bible (Simplified) (CSBS)

Chinese Standard Bible (Traditional) (CSBT)

Chinese Union Version (Simplified) (CUVS)

Chinese Union Version (Traditional) (CUV)

Chinese Union Version Modern Punctuation (Simplified) (CUVMPS)

Chinese Union Version Modern Punctuation (Traditional) (CUVMPT)

Revised Chinese Union Version (Simplified Script) Shen Edition (RCU17SS)

Revised Chinese Union Version (Traditional Script) Shen Edition (RCU17TS)

New International Version (NIV)

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About the Publisher

◀Versions /

New International Version (NIV)

Publisher: Biblica

Version Information

The New International Version (NIV) is a completely original translation of the Bible developed by more than one hundred scholars working from the best available Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek texts.The initial vision for the project was provided by a single individual – an engineer working with General Electric in Seattle by the name of Howard Long. Long was a lifelong devotee of the King James Version, but when he shared it with his friends he was distressed to find that it just didn’t connect. Long saw the need for a translation that captured the truths he loved in the language that his contemporaries spoke.For 10 years, Long and a growing group of like-minded supporters drove this idea. The passion of one man became the passion of a church, and ultimately the passion of a whole group of denominations. And finally, in 1965, after several years of preparatory study, a trans-denominational and international group of scholars met in Palos Heights, Illinois, and agreed to begin work on the project – determining to not simply adapt an existing English version of the Bible but to start from scratch with the best available manuscripts in the original languages. Their conclusion was endorsed by a large number of church leaders who met in Chicago in 1966.A self-governing body of fifteen biblical scholars, the Committee on Bible Translation (CBT) was formed and charged with responsibility for the version, and in 1968 the New York Bible Society (which subsequently became the International Bible Society and then Biblica) generously undertook the financial sponsorship of the project. The translation of each book was assigned to translation teams, each made up of two lead translators, two translation consultants, and a stylistic consultant where necessary. The initial translations produced by these teams were carefully scrutinized and revised by intermediate editorial committees of five biblical scholars to check them against the source texts and assess them for comprehensibility. Each edited text was then submitted to a general committee of eight to twelve members before being distributed to selected outside critics and to all members of the CBT in preparation for a final review. Samples of the translation were tested for clarity and ease of reading with pastors, students, scholars, and lay people across the full breadth of the intended audience. Perhaps no other translation has undergone a more thorough process of review and revision. From the very start, the NIV sought to bring modern Bible readers as close as possible to the experience of the very first Bible readers: providing the best possible blend of transparency to the original documents and comprehension of the original meaning in every verse. With this clarity of focus, however, came the realization that the work of translating the NIV would never be truly complete. As new discoveries were made about the biblical world and its languages, and as the norms of English usage developed and changed over time, the NIV would also need to change to hold true to its original vision.And so in the original NIV charter, provision was made not just to issue periodic updates to the text but also to create a mechanism for constant monitoring of changes in biblical scholarship and English usage. The CBT was charged to meet every year to review, maintain, and strengthen the NIV’s ability to accurately and faithfully render God’s unchanging Word in modern English.The 2011 update to the NIV is the latest fruit of this process. By working with input from pastors and Bible scholars, by grappling with the latest discoveries about biblical languages and the biblical world, and by using cutting-edge research on English usage, the Committee on Bible Translation has updated the text to ensure that the New International Version of the Bible remains faithful to Howard Long’s original inspiration.

AllOTNT

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Genesis 50

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Exodus 40

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Leviticus 27

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Numbers 36

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Deuteronomy 34

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Joshua 24

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Judges 21

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Ruth 4

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1 Samuel 31

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2 Samuel 24

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1 Kings 22

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2 Kings 25

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1 Chronicles 29

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2 Chronicles 36

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Ezra 10

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Nehemiah 13

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Esther 10

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Job 42

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Psalm 150

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Proverbs 31

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Ecclesiastes 12

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Song of Songs 8

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Isaiah 66

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Jeremiah 52

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Lamentations 5

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Ezekiel 48

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Daniel 12

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Hosea 14

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Joel 3

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Amos 9

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Obadiah 1

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Jonah 4

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Micah 7

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Nahum 3

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Habakkuk 3

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Zephaniah 3

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Haggai 2

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Zechariah 14

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Malachi 4

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Matthew 28

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Mark 16

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Luke 24

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John 21

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Acts 28

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Romans 16

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1 Corinthians 16

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2 Corinthians 13

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Galatians 6

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Ephesians 6

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Philippians 4

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Colossians 4

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1 Thessalonians 5

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2 Thessalonians 3

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1 Timothy 6

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2 Timothy 4

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Titus 3

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Philemon 1

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Hebrews 13

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James 5

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1 Peter 5

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2 Peter 3

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1 John 5

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2 John 1

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3 John 1

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Jude 1

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The NIV text may be quoted in any form (written, visual, electronic or audio), up to and inclusive of five hundred (500) verses without express written permission of the publisher, providing the verses do not amount to a complete book of the Bible nor do the verses quoted account for twenty-five percent (25%) or more of the total text of the work in which they are quoted.When the NIV is quoted in works that exercise the above fair use clause, notice of copyright must appear on the title or copyright page or opening screen of the work (whichever is appropriate) as follows:THE HOLY BIBLE, NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®, NIV® Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by Biblica, Inc.® Used by permission. All rights reserved worldwide.These Scriptures are copyrighted by the Biblica, Inc.® and have been made available on the Internet for your personal use only. Any other use including, but not limited to, copying or reposting on the Internet is prohibited. These Scriptures may not be altered or modified in any form and must remain in their original context. These Scriptures may not be sold or otherwise offered for sale.These Scriptures are not shareware and may not be duplicated.When quotations from the NIV text are used in non-salable media such as church bulletins, orders of service, posters, transparencies or similar media, a complete copyright notice is not required, but the initial NIV must appear at the end of each quotation.Any commentary or other Biblical reference work produced for commercial sale that uses the New International Version must obtain written permission for the use of the NIV text.Permission requests for commercial use within the U.S. and Canada that exceed the above guidelines must be directed to, and approved in writing by, HarperCollins Christian Publishing, Attention: Permissions Department, P.O. Box 141000, Nashville, TN 37214.Permission requests for commercial use within the U.K., EEC, and EFTA countries that exceed the above guidelines must be directed to, and approved in writing by, Hodder & Stoughton Ltd., a member of the Hodder Headline Plc. Group, 338 Euston Road, London NW1 3BH."New International Version” and “NIV” are registered trademarks of Biblica, Inc.®.Used with permission.

Biblica: the International Bible Society provides the Bible in accurate, contemporary translations and formats so people around the world can have the opportunity to be transformed by Jesus Christ. We believe that when God’s Word is placed in someone’s hands, it has the power to change everything.

About Biblica

Versions

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Arabic (AR) – العربية 1

Ketab El Hayat (NAV)

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Cebuano (CEB) 1

Ang Pulong Sa Dios (APSD-CEB)

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Sorani (CKB) – كوردی سۆرانی 1

Kurdi Sorani Standard (KSS)

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Czech (CS) – Čeština 1

Slovo na cestu (SNC)

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Danish (DA) – Dansk 1

Bibelen på hverdagsdansk (BPH)

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German (DE) – Deutsch 1

Hoffnung für Alle (HOF)

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English (EN) 3

New International Reader's Version (NIRV)

New International Version (NIV)

New International Version - UK (NIVUK)

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Spanish (ES) – Español 3

Nueva Biblia Viva (NBV)

Nueva Versión Internacional (NVI)

Nueva Versión Internacional (Castilian) (CST)

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French (FR) – Français 1

La Bible du Semeur (BDS)

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Hebrew (HE) – עברית 1

Habrit Hakhadasha/Haderekh (HHH)

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Hindi (HI) – हिन्दी 1

Saral Hindi Bible (SHB)

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Hiligaynon (HIL) – Ilonggo 1

Ang Pulong Sang Dios (HLGN)

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Chhattisgarhi (HNE) – Chhattisgarhi 1

New Chhattisgarhi Translation (नवां नियम छत्तीसगढ़ी) (NCA)

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Croatian (HR) – Hrvatski 1

Knijga O Kristu (CRO)

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Italian (IT) – Italiano 1

La Bibbia della Gioia (BDG)

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Japanese (JA) – 日本語 1

Japanese Living Bible (JLB)

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Korean (KO) – 한국어 1

Korean Living Bible (KLB)

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Luganda (LG) – Luganda 1

Endagaano Enkadde nʼEndagaano Empya (LCB)

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Dutch (NL) – Nederlands 1

Het Boek (HTB)

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Norwegian (NO) – Norsk 1

En Levende Bok (LB)

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Chichewa (NY) – Chichewa 1

Mawu a Mulungu mu Chichewa Chalero (CCL)

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Polish (PL) – Polski 1

Słowo Życia (SZ-PL)

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Portuguese (PT) – Português 2

Nova Versão Internacional (NVI-PT)

O Livro (OL)

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Quichua (QU) 1

Mushuj Testamento Diospaj Shimi (MTDS)

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Romanian (RO) – Română 1

Nouă Traducere În Limba Română (NTLR)

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Russian (RU) – Русский 4

New Russian Translation (NRT)

Священное Писание (Восточный Перевод) (CARS)

Священное Писание (Восточный перевод), версия для Таджикистана (CARST)

Священное Писание (Восточный перевод), версия с «Аллахом» (CARSA)

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Slovak (SK) – Slovenčina 1

Nádej pre kazdého (NPK)

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Serbian (SR) – Српски 1

New Serbian Translation (NSP)

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Swedish (SV) – Svenska 2

nuBibeln (Swedish Contemporary Bible) (NUB)

Swedish New Living Bible (Nya Levande Bibeln) (SVL)

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Swahili (SW) – Kiswahili 1

Neno: Bibilia Takatifu (SNT)

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Thai (TH) – ภาษาไทย 1

Thai New Contemporary Bible (TNCV)

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Tagalog (TL) – Tagalog 1

Ang Salita ng Diyos (ASND)

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Twi (TWI) 1

Nkwa Asem (NA-TWI)

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Yoruba (YO) – Yorùbá 1

Bíbélì Mímọ́ Yorùbá Òde Òn (BYO)

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Chinese (ZH) – 汉语 2

Chinese Contemporary Bible (Simplified) (CCB)

Chinese Contemporary Bible (Traditional) (CCBT)

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Version Information

The New International Version (NIV) is a completely

original translation of the Bible developed by more than one hundred

scholars working from the best available Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek

texts.

The initial vision for the project was provided by a

single individual – an engineer working with General Electric in Seattle

by the name of Howard Long. Long was a lifelong devotee of the King

James Version, but when he shared it with his friends he was distressed

to find that it just didn’t connect. Long saw the need for a translation

that captured the truths he loved in the language that his

contemporaries spoke.

For 10 years, Long and a growing group of like-minded

supporters drove this idea. The passion of one man became the passion of

a church, and ultimately the passion of a whole group of denominations.

And finally, in 1965, after several years of preparatory study, a

trans-denominational and international group of scholars met in Palos

Heights, Illinois, and agreed to begin work on the project – determining

to not simply adapt an existing English version of the Bible but to

start from scratch with the best available manuscripts in the original

languages. Their conclusion was endorsed by a large number of church

leaders who met in Chicago in 1966.

A self-governing body of fifteen biblical scholars, the

Committee on Bible Translation (CBT) was formed and charged with

responsibility for the version, and in 1968 the New York Bible Society

(which subsequently became the International Bible Society and then

Biblica) generously undertook the financial sponsorship of the project.

The translation of each book was assigned to translation teams, each

made up of two lead translators, two translation consultants, and a

stylistic consultant where necessary. The initial translations produced

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was then submitted to a general committee of eight to twelve members

before being distributed to selected outside critics and to all members

of the CBT in preparation for a final review. Samples of the translation

were tested for clarity and ease of reading with pastors, students,

scholars, and lay people across the full breadth of the intended

audience. Perhaps no other translation has undergone a more thorough

process of review and revision. From the very start, the NIV sought to

bring modern Bible readers as close as possible to the experience of the

very first Bible readers: providing the best possible blend of

transparency to the original documents and comprehension of the original

meaning in every verse. With this clarity of focus, however, came the

realization that the work of translating the NIV would never be truly

complete. As new discoveries were made about the biblical world and its

languages, and as the norms of English usage developed and changed over

time, the NIV would also need to change to hold true to its original

vision.

And so in the original NIV charter, provision was made

not just to issue periodic updates to the text but also to create a

mechanism for constant monitoring of changes in biblical scholarship and

English usage. The CBT was charged to meet every year to review,

maintain, and strengthen the NIV’s ability to accurately and faithfully

render God’s unchanging Word in modern English.

The 2011 update to the NIV is the latest fruit of this

process. By working with input from pastors and Bible scholars, by

grappling with the latest discoveries about biblical languages and the

biblical world, and by using cutting-edge research on English usage, the

Committee on Bible Translation has updated the text to ensure that the

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original inspiration.

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as follows:

THE HOLY BIBLE, NEW INTERNATIONAL

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(Top)

1Etymology

2Development and history

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2.1Hebrew Bible

2.2New Testament

2.3Variants

3Content and themes

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3.1Themes

3.2Hebrew Bible

3.2.1Torah

3.2.2Nevi'im

3.2.2.1Former Prophets

3.2.2.2Latter Prophets

3.2.3Ketuvim

3.2.3.1The five scrolls

3.2.3.2Other books

3.2.3.3Book order

3.3Septuagint

3.3.1Incorporations from Theodotion

3.3.2Final form

3.4Pseudepigraphal books

3.4.1Book of Enoch

3.5Christian Bible

3.5.1Old Testament

3.5.2New Testament

3.5.3Canon variations

3.5.3.1Peshitta

3.5.3.2Catholic Church canon

3.5.3.3Ethiopian Orthodox canon

3.6New Testament Apocryphal books

4Textual history

5Influence

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5.1Criticism

5.2Politics and law

5.3Social responsibility

5.4Literature and the arts

6Interpretation and inspiration

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6.1Religious significance

7Versions and translations

8Archaeological and historical research

9Biblical criticism

10Bible museums

11Gallery

12Illustrations

13See also

14Notes

15References

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15.1Works cited

16External links

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Bible

260 languages

AfrikaansAlemannischአማርኛअंगिकाÆngliscАԥсшәаالعربيةAragonésܐܪܡܝܐԱրեւմտահայերէնArmãneashtiArpetanAsturianuअवधीAvañe'ẽАварAymar aruAzərbaycancaBamanankanবাংলাBân-lâm-gúБашҡортсаБеларускаяБеларуская (тарашкевіца)भोजपुरीBikol CentralBislamaБългарскиBoarischབོད་ཡིགBosanskiBrezhonegБуряадCatalàЧӑвашлаCebuanoČeštinaChavacano de ZamboangaChi-ChewaChiShonaChiTumbukaCorsuCymraegDanskDavvisámegiellaDeitschDeutschދިވެހިބަސްDolnoserbskiडोटेलीEestiΕλληνικάEmiliàn e rumagnòlEspañolEsperantoEstremeñuEuskaraEʋegbeفارسیFøroysktFrançaisFryskFurlanGaeilgeGaelgGagauzGàidhligGalego贛語Gĩkũyũગુજરાતીगोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi KonknniGungbe客家語/Hak-kâ-ngîХальмг한국어HausaHawaiʻiՀայերենहिन्दीHiri MotuHornjoserbsceHrvatskiIdoIgboIlokanoবিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরীBahasa IndonesiaInterlinguaInterlingueИронIsiXhosaIsiZuluÍslenskaItalianoעבריתJawaKalaallisutಕನ್ನಡქართულიKaszëbscziҚазақшаKernowekIkinyarwandaIkirundiKiswahiliКомиKongoKreyòl ayisyenKriyòl gwiyannenKurdîKwanyamaКыргызчаКырык марыLadinLadinoລາວLatinaLatviešuLëtzebuergeschLietuviųLi NihaLigureLimburgsLingálaLingua Franca NovaLivvinkarjalaLugandaLombardMagyarमैथिलीМакедонскиMalagasyമലയാളംMaltiMāoriमराठीმარგალურიمصرىဘာသာမန်Bahasa MelayuMinangkabau閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄MirandésМокшеньМонголမြန်မာဘာသာNāhuatlNaijáNa Vosa VakavitiNederlandsNedersaksiesनेपालीनेपाल भाषा日本語NapulitanoНохчийнNordfriiskNorsk bokmålNorsk nynorskNouormandNovialOccitanOromooOshiwamboOʻzbekcha / ўзбекчаਪੰਜਾਬੀPälzischPangasinanپنجابیPapiamentuپښتوPatoisПерем комиភាសាខ្មែរPicardPiemontèisPinayuananTok PisinPlattdüütschPolskiPortuguêsReo tahitiRipoarischRomânăRumantschRuna SimiРусиньскыйРусскийСаха тылаSakizayaGagana SamoaSängöSarduScotsSeelterskSesothoSesotho sa LeboaSetswanaShqipSicilianuසිංහලSimple EnglishسنڌيSiSwatiSlovenčinaSlovenščinaСловѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟŚlůnskiSoomaaligaکوردیSranantongoСрпски / srpskiSrpskohrvatski / српскохрватскиSundaSuomiSvenskaTagalogதமிழ்TaqbaylitТатарча / tatarçaTayalతెలుగుTetunไทยThuɔŋjäŋትግርኛТоҷикӣLea faka-TongaTsetsêhestâheseTshivendaತುಳುTürkçeTürkmençeTwiTyapУкраїнськаاردوئۇيغۇرچە / UyghurcheVahcuenghVènetoVepsän kel’Tiếng ViệtVolapükVõroWalon文言West-VlamsWinarayWolof吴语XitsongaייִדישYorùbá粵語ZazakiZeêuwsŽemaitėška中文Batak Toba

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Collection of religious texts

Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Bible (disambiguation), Biblical (disambiguation), and The Holy Bible (disambiguation).

The Gutenberg Bible, published in the mid-15th century by Johannes Gutenberg, is the first published Bible.

Part of a series on theBible

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The Bible (from Koine Greek τὰ βιβλία, tà biblía, 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures, some, all, or a variant of which are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, Islam, the Baha'i Faith, and many other Abrahamic religions. The Bible is an anthology, a compilation of texts of a variety of forms, originally written in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Koine Greek. These texts include instructions, stories, poetry, and prophecies, and other genres. The collection of materials that are accepted as part of the Bible by a particular religious tradition or community is called a biblical canon. Believers in the Bible generally consider it to be a product of divine inspiration, but the way they understand what that means and interpret the text varies.

The religious texts were compiled by different religious communities into various official collections. The earliest contained the first five books of the Bible, called the Torah in Hebrew and the Pentateuch (meaning five books) in Greek. The second oldest part was a collection of narrative histories and prophecies (the Nevi'im). The third collection (the Ketuvim) contains psalms, proverbs, and narrative histories. "Tanakh" is an alternate term for the Hebrew Bible composed of the first letters of those three parts of the Hebrew scriptures: the Torah ("Teaching"), the Nevi'im ("Prophets"), and the Ketuvim ("Writings"). The Masoretic Text is the medieval version of the Tanakh, in Hebrew and Aramaic, that is considered the authoritative text of the Hebrew Bible by modern Rabbinic Judaism. The Septuagint is a Koine Greek translation of the Tanakh from the third and second centuries BC; it largely overlaps with the Hebrew Bible.

Christianity began as an outgrowth of Second Temple Judaism, using the Septuagint as the basis of the Old Testament. The early Church continued the Jewish tradition of writing and incorporating what it saw as inspired, authoritative religious books. The gospels, Pauline epistles, and other texts quickly coalesced into the New Testament.

With estimated total sales of over five billion copies, the Bible is the best-selling publication of all time. It has had a profound influence both on Western culture and history and on cultures around the globe. The study of it through biblical criticism has indirectly impacted culture and history as well. The Bible is currently translated or is being translated into about half of the world's languages.

Etymology

The term "Bible" can refer to the Hebrew Bible or the Christian Bible, which contains both the Old and New Testaments.[1]

The English word Bible is derived from Koinē Greek: τὰ βιβλία, romanized: ta biblia, meaning "the books" (singular βιβλίον, biblion).[2]

The word βιβλίον itself had the literal meaning of "scroll" and came to be used as the ordinary word for "book".[3] It is the diminutive of βύβλος byblos, "Egyptian papyrus", possibly so called from the name of the Phoenician sea port Byblos (also known as Gebal) from whence Egyptian papyrus was exported to Greece.[4]

The Greek ta biblia ("the books") was "an expression Hellenistic Jews used to describe their sacred books".[5] The biblical scholar F. F. Bruce notes that John Chrysostom appears to be the first writer (in his Homilies on Matthew, delivered between 386 and 388 CE) to use the Greek phrase ta biblia ("the books") to describe both the Old and New Testaments together.[6]

Latin biblia sacra "holy books" translates Greek τὰ βιβλία τὰ ἅγια (tà biblía tà hágia, "the holy books").[7] Medieval Latin biblia is short for biblia sacra "holy book". It gradually came to be regarded as a feminine singular noun (biblia, gen. bibliae) in medieval Latin, and so the word was loaned as singular into the vernaculars of Western Europe.[8]

Development and history

See also: Biblical manuscript, Textual criticism, and Samaritan Pentateuch

The Book of Genesis in a c. 1300 Hebrew Bible

The Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsaa), one of the Dead Sea Scrolls, is the oldest complete copy of the Book of Isaiah.

The Bible is not a single book; it is a collection of books whose complex development is not completely understood. The oldest books began as songs and stories orally transmitted from generation to generation. Scholars of the twenty-first century are only in the beginning stages of exploring "the interface between writing, performance, memorization, and the aural dimension" of the texts. Current indications are that writing and orality were not separate so much as ancient writing was learned in a context of communal oral performance.[9] The Bible was written and compiled by many people, whom many scholars say are mostly unknown, from a variety of disparate cultures and backgrounds.[10]

British biblical scholar John K. Riches wrote:[11]

[T]he biblical texts were produced over a period in which the living conditions of the writers – political, cultural, economic, and ecological – varied enormously. There are texts which reflect a nomadic existence, texts from people with an established monarchy and Temple cult, texts from exile, texts born out of fierce oppression by foreign rulers, courtly texts, texts from wandering charismatic preachers, texts from those who give themselves the airs of sophisticated Hellenistic writers. It is a time-span which encompasses the compositions of Homer, Plato, Aristotle, Thucydides, Sophocles, Caesar, Cicero, and Catullus. It is a period which sees the rise and fall of the Assyrian empire (twelfth to seventh century) and of the Persian empire (sixth to fourth century), Alexander's campaigns (336–326), the rise of Rome and its domination of the Mediterranean (fourth century to the founding of the Principate, 27 BCE), the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple (70 CE), and the extension of Roman rule to parts of Scotland (84 CE).

The books of the Bible were initially written and copied by hand on papyrus scrolls.[12] No originals have survived. The age of the original composition of the texts is therefore difficult to determine and heavily debated. Using a combined linguistic and historiographical approach, Hendel and Joosten date the oldest parts of the Hebrew Bible (the Song of Deborah in Judges 5 and the Samson story of Judges 16 and 1 Samuel) to having been composed in the premonarchial early Iron Age (c. 1200 BCE).[13] The Dead Sea Scrolls, discovered in the caves of Qumran in 1947, are copies that can be dated to between 250 BCE and 100 CE. They are the oldest existing copies of the books of the Hebrew Bible of any length that are not fragments.[14]

The earliest manuscripts were probably written in paleo-Hebrew, a kind of cuneiform pictograph similar to other pictographs of the same period.[15] The exile to Babylon most likely prompted the shift to square script (Aramaic) in the fifth to third centuries BCE.[16] From the time of the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Hebrew Bible was written with spaces between words to aid in reading.[17] By the eighth century CE, the Masoretes added vowel signs.[18] Levites or scribes maintained the texts, and some texts were always treated as more authoritative than others.[19] Scribes preserved and changed the texts by changing the script and updating archaic forms while also making corrections. These Hebrew texts were copied with great care.[20]

Considered to be scriptures (sacred, authoritative religious texts), the books were compiled by different religious communities into various biblical canons (official collections of scriptures).[21] The earliest compilation, containing the first five books of the Bible and called the Torah (meaning "law", "instruction", or "teaching") or Pentateuch ("five books"), was accepted as Jewish canon by the fifth century BCE. A second collection of narrative histories and prophesies, called the Nevi'im ("prophets"), was canonized in the third century BCE. A third collection called the Ketuvim ("writings"), containing psalms, proverbs, and narrative histories, was canonized sometime between the second century BCE and the second century CE.[22] These three collections were written mostly in Biblical Hebrew, with some parts in Aramaic, which together form the Hebrew Bible or "TaNaKh" (an abbreviation of "Torah", "Nevi'im", and "Ketuvim").[23]

Hebrew Bible

There are three major historical versions of the Hebrew Bible: the Septuagint, the Masoretic Text, and the Samaritan Pentateuch (which contains only the first five books). They are related but do not share the same paths of development. The Septuagint, or the LXX, is a translation of the Hebrew scriptures, and some related texts, into Koine Greek, and is believed to have been carried out by approximately seventy or seventy-two scribes and elders who were Hellenic Jews,[24] begun in Alexandria in the late third century BCE and completed by 132 BCE.[25][26][a] Probably commissioned by Ptolemy II Philadelphus, King of Egypt, it addressed the need of the primarily Greek-speaking Jews of the Graeco-Roman diaspora.[25][27] Existing complete copies of the Septuagint date from the third to the fifth centuries CE, with fragments dating back to the second century BCE. [28] Revision of its text began as far back as the first century BCE.[29] Fragments of the Septuagint were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls; portions of its text are also found on existing papyrus from Egypt dating to the second and first centuries BCE and to the first century CE.[29]: 5

The Masoretes began developing what would become the authoritative Hebrew and Aramaic text of the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible in Rabbinic Judaism near the end of the Talmudic period (c. 300–c. 500 CE), but the actual date is difficult to determine.[30][31][32] In the sixth and seventh centuries, three Jewish communities contributed systems for writing the precise letter-text, with its vocalization and accentuation known as the mas'sora (from which we derive the term "masoretic").[30] These early Masoretic scholars were based primarily in the Galilean cities of Tiberias and Jerusalem, and in Babylonia (modern Iraq). Those living in the Jewish community of Tiberias in ancient Galilee (c. 750–950), made scribal copies of the Hebrew Bible texts without a standard text, such as the Babylonian tradition had, to work from. The canonical pronunciation of the Hebrew Bible (called Tiberian Hebrew) that they developed, and many of the notes they made, therefore differed from the Babylonian.[33] These differences were resolved into a standard text called the Masoretic text in the ninth century.[34] The oldest complete copy still in existence is the Leningrad Codex dating to c. 1000 CE.[35]

The Samaritan Pentateuch is a version of the Torah maintained by the Samaritan community since antiquity, which was rediscovered by European scholars in the 17th century; its oldest existing copies date to c. 1100 CE.[36] Samaritans include only the Pentateuch (Torah) in their biblical canon.[37] They do not recognize divine authorship or inspiration in any other book in the Jewish Tanakh.[b] A Samaritan Book of Joshua partly based upon the Tanakh's Book of Joshua exists, but Samaritans regard it as a non-canonical secular historical chronicle.[38]

In the seventh century, the first codex form of the Hebrew Bible was produced. The codex is the forerunner of the modern book. Popularized by early Christians, it was made by folding a single sheet of papyrus in half, forming "pages". Assembling multiples of these folded pages together created a "book" that was more easily accessible and more portable than scrolls. In 1488, the first complete printed press version of the Hebrew Bible was produced.[39]

New Testament

Paul the Apostle depicted in Saint Paul Writing His Epistles, a c. 1619 portrait by Valentin de Boulogne

The Rylands fragment P52 verso is the oldest existing fragment of New Testament papyrus, including phrases from the 18th chapter of the Gospel of John.[40]

During the rise of Christianity in the first century CE, new scriptures were written in Koine Greek. Christians eventually called these new scriptures the "New Testament", and began referring to the Septuagint as the "Old Testament".[41] The New Testament has been preserved in more manuscripts than any other ancient work.[42][43] Most early Christian copyists were not trained scribes.[44] Many copies of the gospels and Paul's letters were made by individual Christians over a relatively short period of time very soon after the originals were written.[45] There is evidence in the Synoptic Gospels, in the writings of the early church fathers, from Marcion, and in the Didache that Christian documents were in circulation before the end of the first century.[46][47] Paul's letters were circulated during his lifetime, and his death is thought to have occurred before 68 during Nero's reign.[48][49] Early Christians transported these writings around the Empire, translating them into Old Syriac, Coptic, Ethiopic, and Latin, and other languages.[50]

Bart Ehrman explains how these multiple texts later became grouped by scholars into categories:during the early centuries of the church, Christian texts were copied in whatever location they were written or taken to. Since texts were copied locally, it is no surprise that different localities developed different kinds of textual tradition. That is to say, the manuscripts in Rome had many of the same errors, because they were for the most part "in-house" documents, copied from one another; they were not influenced much by manuscripts being copied in Palestine; and those in Palestine took on their own characteristics, which were not the same as those found in a place like Alexandria, Egypt. Moreover, in the early centuries of the church, some locales had better scribes than others. Modern scholars have come to recognize that the scribes in Alexandria – which was a major intellectual center in the ancient world – were particularly scrupulous, even in these early centuries, and that there, in Alexandria, a very pure form of the text of the early Christian writings was preserved, decade after decade, by dedicated and relatively skilled Christian scribes.[51] These differing histories produced what modern scholars refer to as recognizable "text types". The four most commonly recognized are Alexandrian, Western, Caesarean, and Byzantine.[52]

The list of books included in the Catholic Bible was established as canon by the Council of Rome in 382, followed by those of Hippo in 393 and Carthage in 397. Between 385 and 405 CE, the early Christian church translated its canon into Vulgar Latin (the common Latin spoken by ordinary people), a translation known as the Vulgate.[53] Since then, Catholic Christians have held ecumenical councils to standardize their biblical canon. The Council of Trent (1545–63), held by the Catholic Church in response to the Protestant Reformation, authorized the Vulgate as its official Latin translation of the Bible.[54] A number of biblical canons have since evolved. Christian biblical canons range from the 73 books of the Catholic Church canon, and the 66-book canon of most Protestant denominations, to the 81 books of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church canon, among others.[55] Judaism has long accepted a single authoritative text, whereas Christianity has never had an official version, instead having many different manuscript traditions.[56]

Variants

All biblical texts were treated with reverence and care by those that copied them, yet there are transmission errors, called variants, in all biblical manuscripts.[57][58] A variant is any deviation between two texts. Textual critic Daniel B. Wallace explains that "Each deviation counts as one variant, regardless of how many MSS [manuscripts] attest to it."[59] Hebrew scholar Emanuel Tov says the term is not evaluative; it is a recognition that the paths of development of different texts have separated.[60]

Medieval handwritten manuscripts of the Hebrew Bible were considered extremely precise: the most authoritative documents from which to copy other texts.[61] Even so, David Carr asserts that Hebrew texts still contain some variants.[62] The majority of all variants are accidental, such as spelling errors, but some changes were intentional.[63] In the Hebrew text, "memory variants" are generally accidental differences evidenced by such things as the shift in word order found in 1 Chronicles 17:24 and 2 Samuel 10:9 and 13. Variants also include the substitution of lexical equivalents, semantic and grammar differences, and larger scale shifts in order, with some major revisions of the Masoretic texts that must have been intentional.[64]

Intentional changes in New Testament texts were made to improve grammar, eliminate discrepancies, harmonize parallel passages, combine and simplify multiple variant readings into one, and for theological reasons.[63][65] Bruce K. Waltke observes that one variant for every ten words was noted in the recent critical edition of the Hebrew Bible, the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, leaving 90% of the Hebrew text without variation. The fourth edition of the United Bible Society's Greek New Testament notes variants affecting about 500 out of 6900 words, or about 7% of the text.[66]

Further information: Textual variants in the Hebrew Bible and Textual variants in the New Testament

Content and themes

Themes

Further information: Ethics in the Bible, Jewish ethics, and Christian ethics

Creation of Light by Gustave Doré.

The narratives, laws, wisdom sayings, parables, and unique genres of the Bible provide opportunity for discussion on most topics of concern to human beings: The role of women,[67]: 203 sex,[68] children, marriage,[69] neighbours,[70]: 24 friends, the nature of authority and the sharing of power,[71]: 45–48 animals, trees and nature,[72]: xi money and economics,[73]: 77 work, relationships,[74] sorrow and despair and the nature of joy, among others.[75] Philosopher and ethicist Jaco Gericke adds: "The meaning of good and evil, the nature of right and wrong, criteria for moral discernment, valid sources of morality, the origin and acquisition of moral beliefs, the ontological status of moral norms, moral authority, cultural pluralism, [as well as] axiological and aesthetic assumptions about the nature of value and beauty. These are all implicit in the texts."[76]

However, discerning the themes of some biblical texts can be problematic.[77] Much of the Bible is in narrative form and in general, biblical narrative refrains from any kind of direct instruction, and in some texts the author's intent is not easy to decipher.[78] It is left to the reader to determine good and bad, right and wrong, and the path to understanding and practice is rarely straightforward.[79] God is sometimes portrayed as having a role in the plot, but more often there is little about God's reaction to events, and no mention at all of approval or disapproval of what the characters have done or failed to do.[80] The writer makes no comment, and the reader is left to infer what they will.[80] Jewish philosophers Shalom Carmy and David Schatz explain that the Bible "often juxtaposes contradictory ideas, without explanation or apology".[81]

The Hebrew Bible contains assumptions about the nature of knowledge, belief, truth, interpretation, understanding and cognitive processes.[82] Ethicist Michael V. Fox writes that the primary axiom of the book of Proverbs is that "the exercise of the human mind is the necessary and sufficient condition of right and successful behavior in all reaches of life".[83] The Bible teaches the nature of valid arguments, the nature and power of language, and its relation to reality.[76] According to Mittleman, the Bible provides patterns of moral reasoning that focus on conduct and character.[84][85]

In the biblical metaphysic, humans have free will, but it is a relative and restricted freedom.[86] Beach says that Christian voluntarism points to the will as the core of the self, and that within human nature, "the core of who we are is defined by what we love".[87] Natural law is in the Wisdom literature, the Prophets, Romans 1, Acts 17, and the book of Amos (Amos 1:3–2:5), where nations other than Israel are held accountable for their ethical decisions even though they don't know the Hebrew god.[88] Political theorist Michael Walzer finds politics in the Hebrew Bible in covenant, law, and prophecy, which constitute an early form of almost democratic political ethics.[89] Key elements in biblical criminal justice begin with the belief in God as the source of justice and the judge of all, including those administering justice on earth.[90]

Carmy and Schatz say the Bible "depicts the character of God, presents an account of creation, posits a metaphysics of divine providence and divine intervention, suggests a basis for morality, discusses many features of human nature, and frequently poses the notorious conundrum of how God can allow evil."[91]

Hebrew Bible

Further information: Hebrew Bible and Development of the Hebrew Bible canon

Tanakh (Hebrew Bible)

Torah (Instruction)GenesisBereshitExodusShemotLeviticusWayiqraNumbersBemidbarDeuteronomyDevarim

Nevi'im (Prophets)

Former

JoshuaYehoshuaJudgesShofetimSamuelShemuelKingsMelakhim

Latter

IsaiahYeshayahuJeremiahYirmeyahuEzekielYekhezqel

Minor

Hosea

Joel

Amos

Obadiah

Jonah

Micah

Nahum

Habakkuk

Zephaniah

Haggai

Zechariah

Malachi

Ketuvim (Writings)

Poetic

PsalmsTehillimProverbsMishleiJobIyov

Five Megillot (Scrolls)

Song of SongsShir HashirimRuthRutLamentationsEikhahEcclesiastesQoheletEstherEster

Historical

DanielDaniyyelEzra–NehemiahEzraChroniclesDivre Hayyamim

vte

The authoritative Hebrew Bible is taken from the masoretic text (called the Leningrad Codex) which dates from 1008. The Hebrew Bible can therefore sometimes be referred to as the Masoretic Text.[92]

The Hebrew Bible is also known by the name Tanakh (Hebrew: תנ"ך‎). This reflects the threefold division of the Hebrew scriptures, Torah ("Teaching"), Nevi'im ("Prophets") and Ketuvim ("Writings") by using the first letters of each word.[93] It is not until the Babylonian Talmud (c. 550 BCE) that a listing of the contents of these three divisions of scripture are found.[94]

The Tanakh was mainly written in Biblical Hebrew, with some small portions (Ezra 4:8–6:18 and 7:12–26, Jeremiah 10:11, Daniel 2:4–7:28)[95] written in Biblical Aramaic, a language which had become the lingua franca for much of the Semitic world.[96]

Torah

Main article: Torah

See also

Bible portal

Additional and alternative scriptures relating to Christianity

Bible box

Bible case

Bible paper

Biblical software

Christian theology

Code of Hammurabi

Family Bible (book)

International Bible Contest

List of major biblical figures

List of nations mentioned in the Bible

Theodicy and the Bible

Typology (theology)

Notes

^ a b "[...] die griechische Bibelübersetzung, die einem innerjüdischen Bedürfnis entsprang [...] [von den] Rabbinen zuerst gerühmt (.) Später jedoch, als manche ungenaue Übertragung des hebräischen Textes in der Septuaginta und Übersetzungsfehler die Grundlage für hellenistische Irrlehren abgaben, lehte man die Septuaginta ab." Homolka, Jacob & Chorin 1999, pp. 43ff, Bd.3

^ Although a paucity of extant source material makes it impossible to be certain that the earliest Samaritans also rejected the other books of the Tanakh, the 3rd-century church father Origen confirms that the Samaritans in his day "receive[d] the books of Moses alone." Schaff 1885, Chapter XLIX(Commentary on John 13:26)

^ "Each king is judged either good or bad in black-and-white terms, according to whether or not he "did right" or "did evil" in the sight of the Lord. This evaluation is not reflective of the well-being of the nation, of the king's success or failure in war, or of the moral climate of the times, but rather the state of cultic worship during his reign. Those kings who shun idolatry and enact religious reforms are singled out for praise, and those who encourage pagan practices are denounced." Savran 1987, p. 146

^ "The fight against Baal was initiated by the prophets" Kaufmann 1956a, p. 54

^ "The immediate occasion of the rise of the new prophecy was the political and social ruin caused by the wars with Israel's northerly neighbour, Aram, which continued for more than a century. They raged intensely during the reign of Ahab, and did not end until the time of Jeroboam II (784–744). While the nation as a whole was impoverished, a few – apparently of the royal officialdom – grew wealthy as a result of the national calamity. Many of the people were compelled to sell their houses and lands, with the result that a sharp social cleavage arose: on the one hand a mass of propertyless indigents, on the other a small circle of the rich. A series of disasters struck the nation – drought, famine, plagues, death and captivity (Amos 4: 6–11), but the greatest disaster of all was the social disintegration due to the cleavage between the poor masses and the wealthy, dissolute upper class. The decay affected both Judah and Israel ... High minded men were appalled at this development. Was this the people whom YHWH had brought out of Egypt, to whom He had given the land and a law of justice and right? it seemed as if the land was about to be inherited by the rich, who would squander its substance in drunken revelry. it was this dissolution that brought the prophetic denunciations to white heat." Kaufmann 1956b, pp. 57–58

^ "What manner of man is the prophet? A student of philosophy who runs from the discourses of the great metaphysicians to the orations of the prophets may feel as if he were going from the realm of the sublime to an area of trivialities. Instead of dealing with the timeless issues of being and becoming, of matter and form, of definitions and demonstrations, he is thrown into orations about widows and orphans, about the corruption of judges and affairs of the market place. Instead of showing us a way through the elegant mansions of the mind, the prophets take us to the slums. The world is a proud place, full of beauty, but the prophets are scandalized, and rave as if the whole world were a slum. They make much ado about paltry things, lavishing excessive language upon trifling subjects. What if somewhere in ancient Palestine poor people have not been treated properly by the rich? .... Indeed, the sorts of crimes and even the amount of delinquency that fill the prophets of Israel with dismay do not go beyond that which we regard as normal, as typical ingredients of social dynamics. To us a single act of injustice – cheating in business, exploitation of the poor – is slight; to the prophets, a disaster. To us an injustice is injurious to the welfare of the people; to the prophets it is a deathblow to existence; to us an episode; to them, a catastrophe, a threat to the world." Heschel 2001, pp. 3–4

^ "Samuel is thus a work of national self-criticism. It recognizes that Israel would not have survived, either politically or culturally, without the steadying presence of a dynastic royal house. But it makes both that house and its subjects answerable to firm standards of prophetic justice – not those of cult prophets or professional ecstatics, but of morally upright prophetic leaders in the tradition of Moses, Joshua, Deborah, Gideon, and others ..." Rosenberg 1987, p. 141

^ Originally, Ezra and Nehemiah were one book, which were divided in later traditions.

^ According to the Jewish Encyclopedia: "The translation, which shows at times a peculiar ignorance of Hebrew usage, was evidently made from a codex which differed widely in places from the text crystallized by the Masorah."[121]

^ "Two things, however, rendered the Septuagint unwelcome in the long run to the Jews. Its divergence from the accepted text (afterward called the Masoretic) was too evident; and it therefore could not serve as a basis for theological discussion or for homiletic interpretation. This distrust was accentuated by the fact that it had been adopted as Sacred Scripture by the new faith [Christianity] [...] In course of time it came to be the canonical Greek Bible [...] It became part of the Bible of the Christian Church."[121]

^ Mishnah Sotah (7:2–4 and 8:1), among many others, discusses the sacredness of Hebrew, as opposed to Aramaic or Greek. This is comparable to the authority claimed for the original Arabic Koran according to Islamic teaching. As a result of this teaching, translations of the Torah into Koine Greek by early Jewish Rabbis have survived as rare fragments only.

^ a b c Even though they were not placed on the same level as the canonical books, still they were useful for instruction . ... These – and others that total fourteen or fifteen altogether – are the books known as the Apocrypha. Williams 1970, p. 141

^ "English Bibles were patterned after those of the Continental Reformers by having the Apocrypha set off from the rest of the OT. Coverdale (1535) called them "Apocrypha". All English Bibles prior to 1629 contained the Apocrypha. Matthew's Bible (1537), the Great Bible (1539), the Geneva Bible (1560), the Bishop's Bible (1568), and the King James Bible (1611) contained the Apocrypha. Soon after the publication of the KJV, however, the English Bibles began to drop the Apocrypha and eventually they disappeared entirely. The first English Bible to be printed in America (1782–83) lacked the Apocrypha. In 1826 the British and Foreign Bible Society decided to no longer print them. Today the trend is in the opposite direction, and English Bibles with the Apocrypha are becoming more popular again." Ewert 2010, p. 104

^ a b c "Fourteen books and parts of books are considered Apocryphal by Protestants. Three of these are recognized by Roman Catholics also as Apocryphal."Wells 1911, p. 41

^ the Canon of Trent:But if anyone receive not, as sacred and canonical, the said books entire with all their parts, as they have been used to be read in the Catholic Church, and as they are contained in the old Latin vulgate edition; and knowingly and deliberately contemn the traditions aforesaid; let him be anathema.— Decretum de Canonicis Scripturis, Council of Trent, 8 April 1546

^ "In all places where a reading from the deuterocanonical books (The Apocrypha) is listed, an alternate reading from the canonical Scriptures has also been provided."[146]

^ The canon of the original Old Greek LXX is disputed. This table reflects the canon of the Old Testament as used currently in Orthodoxy.

^ Βασιλειῶν (Basileiōn) is the genitive plural of Βασιλεῖα (Basileia).

^ That is, Things set aside from Ἔσδρας Αʹ.

^ Also called Τωβείτ or Τωβίθ in some sources.

^ Not in Orthodox Canon, but originally included in the Septuagint.[150]

^ Obdiou is genitive from "The vision of Obdias", which opens the book.

^ Originally placed after 3 Maccabees and before Psalms, but placed in an appendix of the Orthodox Canon.

^ "The New Testament was written in Koine Greek, the Greek of daily conversation. The fact that from the first all the New Testament writings were written in Greek is conclusively demonstrated by their citations from the Old Testament ..." Aland & Aland 1995, p. 52

^ "How came the twenty-seven books of the New Testament to be gathered together and made authoritative Christian scripture? 1. All the New Testament books were originally written in Greek. On the face of it this may surprise us." Hunter 1972, p. 9

^ "This is the language of the New Testament. By the time of Jesus the Romans had become the dominant military and political force, but the Greek language remained the 'common language' of the eastern Mediterranean and beyond, and Greek ..." Duff & Wenham 2005, p. xxv

^ "By far the most predominant element in the language of the New Testament is the Greek of common speech which was disseminated in the East by the Macedonian conquest, in the form which it had gradually assumed under the wider development ..." Blass & Thackeray 2008, p. 2

^ "In this short overview of the Greek language of the New Testament we will focus on those topics that are of greatest importance for the average reader, that is, those with important ..." Aune 2010, p. 61

^ "The Peshitta Old Testament was translated directly from the original Hebrew text, and the Peshitta New Testament directly from the original Greek" Brock 1988, p. 13

^ "Printed editions of the Peshitta frequently contain these books in order to fill the gaps. D. Harklean Version. The Harklean version is connected with the labours of Thomas of Harqel. When thousands were fleeing Khosrou's invading armies, ..." Bromiley 1995, p. 976

^ The Council of Trent confirmed the identical list/canon of sacred scriptures already anciently approved by the Synod of Hippo (Synod of 393), Council of Carthage, 28 August 397, and Council of Florence, 4 February 1442;[170] – Bull of Union with the Copts seventh paragraph down.

^ "The United Methodists see Scripture as the primary source and criterion for Christian doctrine. They emphasize the importance of tradition, experience, and reason for Christian doctrine. Lutherans teach that the Bible is the sole source for Christian doctrine. The truths of Scripture do not need to be authenticated by tradition, human experience, or reason. Scripture is self authenticating and is true in and of itself."[251]

^ "historically Anglicans have adopted what could be called a prima Scriptura position." Humphrey 2013, p. 16

^ "…they [from the Children of Israel] pervert words from their meanings, and have forgotten a part of what they were reminded …" Quran 5:18.[252]

^ That is, the first year of a full translation (irrespective of containing the Apocrypha) having been published.

^ William Tyndale was stopped from translating all the books of the Old Testament due to his arrest in May 1535 and subsequent execution in October 1536.

^ The first complete publication of William Tyndale's New Testament took place in 1526.

^ The Douay–Rheims Bible was published in multiple volumes. The last volume of the Old Testament was published in 1610.

References

^ "Definition of Bible | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. Archived from the original on 15 October 2006.

^ Bandstra 2009, pp. 7; Gravett et al. 2008, p. xv.

^ Beekes 2009, pp. 246–247.

^ Brake 2008, p. 29.

^ Hamilton, Mark. "From Hebrew Bible To Christian Bible | From Jesus To Christ – The First Christians | Frontline | PBS". www.pbs.org. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018.

^ Bruce 1988, p. 214.

^ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. "A Greek-English Lexicon, βιβλίον". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 18 November 2019.

^ "The Catholic Encyclopedia". Newadvent.org. 1907. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 23 April 2010.

^ Carr, David M. The formation of the Hebrew Bible: A new reconstruction. Oxford University Press, 2011. p. 5

^ Swenson 2021, p. 12; Rogerson 2005, p. 21; Riches 2000, ch. 2.

^ Riches 2000, p. 9.

^ Lim 2017, pp. 7, 47.

^ Hendel & Joosten 2018, pp. ix, 98–99, 101, 104, 106.

^ Lim 2017, pp. 38, 47; Ulrich 2013, pp. 103–104; VanderKam & Flint 2013, ch. 5; Brown 2010, ch. 3(A); Harris & Platzner 2008, p. 22.

^ Wegner 2006, p. 59.

^ Wegner 2006, p. 60.

^ Wegner 2006, p. 61.

^ VanderKam & Flint 2013, pp. 88–90.

^ Wegner 2006, pp. 62–63.

^ Wegner 2006, pp. 64–65.

^ Hayes 2012, p. 9.

^ Hayes 2012, pp. 9–10.

^ Lim 2017, p. 40.

^ The Old Testament in Greek Archived 20 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine – Greek manuscripts. British Library. Retrieved 20 May 2023.

^ a b Segal 2010, p. 363.

^ Dorival, Harl & Munnich 1988, p. 111.

^ Lavidas 2021, p. 30.

^ Lim 2017, pp. 45–46, 58; Hayes 2012, ch. 1; Brown 2010, Intro.; Carr 2010, p. 250; Bandstra 2009, pp. 8, 480; Gravett et al. 2008, p. 47; Harris & Platzner 2008, p. 27; Riches 2000, ch. 3.

^ a b Dines, Jennifer (2004). The Septuagint. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-567-60152-0.

^ a b Hauser, Watson & Kaufman 2003, pp. 30–31.

^ Wegner 1999, p. 172.

^ Swenson 2021, p. 29.

^ Phillips 2016, pp. 288–291.

^ a b c d e Lavidas 2021, p. 75.

^ a b c d VanderKam & Flint 2013, p. 87.

^ Lim 2017, pp. 46–49; Ulrich 2013, pp. 95–104; VanderKam & Flint 2013, ch. 5; Carr 2010, p. 8; Bandstra 2009, p. 482; Gravett et al. 2008, pp. 47–49; Harris & Platzner 2008, pp. 23–28.

^ VanderKam & Flint 2013, p. 91.

^ Gaster 1908, p. 166.

^ Hauser, Watson & Kaufman 2003, pp. 31–32.

^ Orsini & Clarysse 2012, p. 470.

^ Lim 2017, pp. 45–46; Brown 2010, Intro. and ch. 1; Carr 2010, p. 17; Bandstra 2009, pp. 7, 484; Riches 2000, chs. 2 and 3.

^ Gurry 2016, p. 117.

^ Rezetko & Young 2014, p. 164.

^ Wegner 2006, p. 300.

^ Wallace 2009, p. 88.

^ Wegner 2006, pp. 40–41, 300–301.

^ Mowry 1944, pp. 76, 84, 85.

^ Mowry 1944, p. 85.

^ Brown 1997, p. 436.

^ a b Lavidas 2021, p. 29.

^ Ehrman, Bart D. Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why (New York: HarperCollins, 2005) p. 72.

^ Parker 2013, pp. 412–420, 430–432; Brown 2010, ch. 3(A).

^ a b Lim 2017, p. 40; Hayes 2012, ch. 1; Brown 2010, Intro.; Carr 2010, pp. 3–5; Bandstra 2009, pp. 7–8, 480–481; Gravett et al. 2008, p. xv; Harris & Platzner 2008, pp. 3–4, 28, 371; Riches 2000, ch. 3.

^ a b Lim 2017, pp. 40, 46, 49, 58–59; Hayes 2012, ch. 1; Brown 2010, Intro.; Carr 2010, pp. 3–5; Bandstra 2009, pp. 7–8, 480–481; Gravett et al. 2008, pp. xv, 49; Harris & Platzner 2008, pp. 3–4, 28, 31–32, 371; Riches 2000, ch. 3.

^ Riches 2000, pp. 7–8.

^ Barton 2019, p. 15.

^ Wegner 2006, p. 41.

^ Black 1994, p. 24.

^ Wallace 2009, p. 98.

^ Tov 2001, p. 18.

^ "The Damascus Keters". National Library of Israel. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.

^ Carr 2011, pp. 5–7.

^ a b c Black 1994, p. 60.

^ Carr 2011, pp. 5–7, 18, 24, 29, 42, 55, 61, 145, 167.

^ Royce 2013, pp. 461–464, 468, 470–473.

^ Wegner 2006, p. 25.

^ MacHaffie, Barbara J. (1992). Her Story Women in Christian Tradition. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-4514-0402-9.

^ Harper 2013, pp. 1–14, 84–86, 88.

^ Henry Chadwick, The Early Church, ISBN 978-0-14-023199-1

^ Grudem, Wayne (2018). Christian Ethics: An Introduction to Biblical Moral Reasoning. Crossway. ISBN 978-1-4335-4965-6.

^ Praet, Danny (1992–1993). "Explaining the Christianization of the Roman Empire. Older theories and recent developments". Sacris Erudiri. Jaarboek voor Godsdienstgeschiedenis. A Journal on the Inheritance of Early and Medieval Christianity. 23: 5–119.

^ Northcott, Michael S. (1996). Clark, Stephen R. L. (ed.). The Environment and Christian Ethics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57631-4.

^ Hargaden, Kevin (2018). Theological Ethics in a Neoliberal Age: Confronting the Christian Problem with Wealth. Wipf and Stock. ISBN 978-1-5326-5500-5.

^ Cronin, Kieran (1992). Rights and Christian ethics. Cambridge University Press. p. 223. ISBN 978-0-521-41889-8.

^ Gericke 2012, p. 207.

^ a b Gericke 2012, p. 210.

^ Mittleman 2012, pp. 1, 2.

^ Barton 2007, pp. 1–3.

^ Barton 2019, p. 14.

^ a b Barton 2019, p. 40.

^ Carmy & Schatz 2003, pp. 13–14.

^ Gericke 2012, p. 209.

^ Fox 2007, p. 78.

^ a b Barton 2019, p. 3.

^ Mittleman 2012, p. 17.

^ Brunner 2002, p. 494.

^ Beach 1988, pp. 25–26.

^ Barton 2003, pp. 48–50.

^ Walzer 2012, p. 200.

^ Souryal 2015, p. xx.

^ Carmy & Schatz 2003, pp. 13, 14.

^ Tov, Professor Emmanuel. "The Bible and the Masoretic Text". The Torah.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.

^ Metzger & Katz 2010, p. 651, footnote 1.

^ Pace 2016, p. 354.

^ Ezra 4:8–6:18 and 7:12–26, Jeremiah 10:11, Daniel 2:4–7:28

^ Driver, Godfrey. "Introduction to the Old Testament". www.bible-researcher.com. Archived from the original on 9 November 2009. Retrieved 30 November 2009.

^ Barnstone 2009, p. 647.

^ Robinson 2006, p. 97.

^ Cross & Livingstone 2005, p. 1072.

^ Nahkola 2007, pp. vii, xvi, 197, 204, 216–217.

^ Baden 2012, p. 13.

^ Greifenhagen 2003, p. 206.

^ Greifenhagen 2003, pp. 206–207.

^ Newsom 2004, p. 26.

^ Greifenhagen 2003, p. 224 n. 49.

^ Rossel 2007, p. 355.

^ 1 Kings.18:24; 1 Kings.18:37–39

^ Henshaw 1963, p. 20.

^ Kraus 1993, p. 33.

^ Kraus 1993, p. 12.

^ a b Coogan 2009, p. 5.

^ Young 2013, p. 23.

^ Young 2013, p. 24.

^ Rodkinson 2008, p. 53.

^ Phillips 2016, pp. 300–301.

^ Henshaw 1963, pp. 16–17.

^ Lightfoot 2003, pp. 154–155.

^ Henshaw 1963, p. 17.

^ a b c d e Fitzmeyer 1992, p. 41.

^ a b Marcos 2000, p. 21.

^ a b "Bible Translations – The Septuagint". JewishEncyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2012.

^ Pace 2016, pp. 349–350.

^ a b c Blocher 2004, p. 82.

^ Blocher 2004, p. 86.

^ Gerber 1994, pp. 43–46.

^ "St. Jerome, Commentary on Daniel (1958) pp. 15–157". www.tertullian.org. Archived from the original on 26 May 2010. Retrieved 2 February 2022.

^ Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)

^ Fitzmeyer 1992, p. 40.

^ Fitzmeyer 1992, pp. 14, 52.

^ a b Metzger 1972, p. 4.

^ Harris 1985, p. vii, 197–221, 223–243.

^ a b c Stuckenbruck & Erho 2011, pp. 259, 267.

^ Fahlbusch & Bromiley 2004, p. 411.

^ "The Book of Enoch and The Secrets of Enoch". reluctant-messenger.com. Archived from the original on 8 June 2014.

^ a b c Stuckenbruck & Erho 2011, p. 261.

^ Johnson 2012, p. 374.

^ Kelly 2000, pp. 31–32.

^ Wright 2005, p. 3.

^ a b Wright 2005

^ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraph 120.

^ Pace 2016, p. 349.

^ a b Reinhartz 2021, p. 19.

^ Pace 2016, p. 350.

^ Reinhartz 2021, p. 20.

^ McDonald 2021, p. 43.

^ "The Revised Common Lectionary" (PDF). Consultation on Common Texts. 1992. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2015.

^ Campbell 2000, pp. 336–337.

^ "NETS: Electronic Edition". Ccat.sas.upenn.edu. 11 February 2011. Archived from the original on 29 July 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2012.

^ McLay 2003, pp. 3–4.

^ "NETS: Electronic Edition". ccat.sas.upenn.edu. Archived from the original on 29 July 2011.

^ a b c Erbes, Johann E. (1984). "The Aramaic New Testament: Estrangelo Script: Based on the Peshitta and Harklean Versions". digitalcommons.andrews.edu. American Christian Press. pp. 259–260. Archived from the original on 12 June 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2022.

^ Wallace 1996, pp. 25–29.

^ Barton 1998, pp. 3, 4, 7.

^ Barton 1998, p. 2.

^ Barton 1998, pp. 3–8.

^ Barton 1998, pp. 8–11.

^ Barton 1998, pp. 11, 14–19.

^ Barton 1998, pp. 9–11, 17–18.

^ Barton 1998, p. 3.

^ Barton 1998, pp. 9–11.

^ Kelly 2000, p. 4.

^ Barton 1998, p. 7.

^ Barton 1998, p. 14.

^ Porter 2011, p. 198.

^ Barton 1998, p. 15.

^ Mears 2007, pp. 438–439.

^ Flinn 2007, p. 103.

^ Rüger 1989, p. 302.

^ "Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent". www.bible-researcher.com. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011.

^ "Council of Basel 1431–45 A.D. Council Fathers". Papal Encyclicals. 14 December 1431. Archived from the original on 24 April 2013.

^ a b "The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church". Ethiopianorthodox.org. Archived from the original on 5 November 2010. Retrieved 19 November 2010.

^ Van Liere, Frans (2014). An Introduction to the Medieval Bible. Cambridge University Press. pp. 68–69. ISBN 9780521865784.

^ a b Ehrman, Bart D. (2003). Lost Christianities: Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew. Oxford University Press. pp. 230–231. ISBN 9780199756681. Archived from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2023.

^ "The Canonization of Scripture | Coptic Orthodox Diocese of Los Angeles". Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2022.

^ [1] Archived 27 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine Manuscripts and the Text of the New Testament: An Introduction for English Readers by Keith Elliott, Ian Moir – Continuum International Publishing Group, 2000, p. 9

^ Lim 2017, p. 47; Ulrich 2013, pp. 103–104; VanderKam & Flint 2013, ch. 5; Brown 2010, ch. 3(A); Harris & Platzner 2008, p. 22.

^ Soulen & Soulen 2001, p. 204.

^ Riches 2000, ch. 1.

^ Ryken, Leland. "How We Got the Best-Selling Book of All Time". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2015.

^ Burnside, Jonathan (2011). God, Justice, and Society: Aspects of Law and Legality in the Bible. Oxford University Press. p. XXVI. ISBN 978-0-19-975921-7.

^ V. Reid, Patrick (1987). Readings in Western Religious Thought: The ancient world. Paulist Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-8091-2850-1.

^ Riches 2000, chs. 1 and 4.

^ G. Koenig, Harold (2009). Religion and Spirituality in Psychiatry. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-521-88952-0. The Bible is the most globally influential and widely read book ever written. ... it has been a major influence on the behavior, laws, customs, education, art, literature, and morality of Western civilization.

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Phillips, Kim (2016). "The Masora Magna of two biblical fragments from the Cairo Genizah, and the unusual practice of the scribe behind the Leningrad Codex". The Tyndale Bulletin. 67 (2). doi:10.17863/CAM.11381. S2CID 165565008.

Phillips, Thomas E. (2006). "The Genre of Acts: moving toward a consensus?". Currents in Biblical Research. 4 (3): 365–396. doi:10.1177/1476993X06064629. S2CID 145271094.

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Robinson, George (2006). Essential Torah : a complete guide to the five books of Moses (1st ed.). New York: Schocken Books. ISBN 978-0-307-48437-6.

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Royce, James R. (2013). "Scribal tendencies in the transmission of the text of the new testament". In Ehrman, Bart; Holmes, Michael W. (eds.). The Text of the New Testament in Contemporary Research: Essays on the Status Quaestionis (Revised second ed.). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-23604-2.

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Sanneh, Lamin; McClymond, Michael, eds. (2016). The Wiley Blackwell Companion to World Christianity. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-55604-7.

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We Completely Remapped Our Hebrew Data

In March of 2021, a specialized Blue Letter Bible team began work on mapping all of our KJV and NASB95 Hebrew data to the English equivalents in those translations. We are excited to announce that after nearly three years of development, by God's grace, we have completed this project as of November 2023. This includes over 46,000 total verses mapped (23,000 per version) and over 532,000 Hebrew words updated (266,000 per version)—all of which took over 2,000 cumulative hours of work!

Effectively, mapping refers to connecting every Hebrew word to every English word. However, there are many instances where a single Hebrew word is linked to multiple English words, and vice versa. This made it a complex project, which meant we needed a team of specialists to methodically work through the data. And so, through our seminary contacts, we hired several Hebrew language specialists to begin mapping.

The accuracy of our tools and resources is vital to us because of its importance to rightly dividing the Word of God. Therefore, we aim to develop and enhance the tools and resources that we offer so that you, our users, can more faithfully understand God's Word. With this thorough mapping of Hebrew to English, we pray that God will use our efforts to bless your time in the study of His Word for His glory.

Our sincere thanks go out to the dedicated team members who spent many hours diligently linking words and reviewing verses. Back in 2022, we took some time to interview a few of them to get their thoughts on the project. If you would like to learn a little bit more about the project, you can watch an edited version of that Q&A on our YouTube channel.

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We are constantly receiving requests for different resources, tools, and even Bible versions from our users. One of the most common requests is that we add the Amplified Bible (AMP) to our library of translations. It was obvious to us that it was something our users greatly desired to have on the site. And so, we are pleased to announce that we now offer the AMP on Blue Letter Bible.

The first full version of the AMP was completed in 1965. After fifty years had passed, significant changes in both the style and usage of the English language had been made. With this in mind, the Lockman Foundation revisited this well-loved translation of God's Word and began to revise it. This eventually led to the release of the new Amplified Bible in 2015.

We at Blue Letter Bible believe that this translation will be an amazing resource for our users. The expanded text provides clarification on the meaning of Scripture while remaining faithful and true to the original text. In fact, the AMP focuses on including certain phrases from the original manuscripts that do not flow well in most English translations.

We want to thank our friends at the Lockman Foundation for their permission to provide this version to our users. They are long-time friends and partners of the ministry, and we are blessed by their generosity. To learn more about the Amplified Bible, we highly recommend reading the version's preface on our site and the information page on Lockman Foundation's website.

New User Testimonial Video Compilation

Last year, we released a compilation of user-submitted videos that detailed their experience with Blue Letter Bible. It was so moving for us as a ministry to see our users blessed by the resources and tools that God allows us to provide. With that in mind, we asked again for more submissions. And you all answered!

Because of the generous time you took to submit testimonials, we were able to put together another video compilation for all to watch. We hope everyone who sees it will be as encouraged by what these people have to say as we were.

If you have not had the chance to watch the first one, it can be found on our YouTube channel or by clicking HERE. If you would like to submit your own video testimonial, we would love to watch it! Just go to our page on Testimonial.io and record it from your device. If you need assistance or would like more information, please contact us at testimonials@blueletterbible.org. To learn more about Blue Letter Bible, visit our History of BLB or About BLB pages. May God bless your time in His Word!

Smith & Van Dyck Arabic Translation Now on BLB!

Blue Letter Bible has been blessed by God to reach all corners of the world with our tools and resources. It is immensely humbling to be used in such a significant manner for the spread of God's gospel. Thusly, our ministry has desired to provide as many international and multilingual resources as possible. With that desire to expand our resources to include additional languages, we are excited to add the Smith & Van Dyck Arabic translation to our version library.

Work on this translation began back in the mid-1800s by Reverend Eli Smith. After thoroughly studying and learning the Arabic language, Smith began an effort to translate the entire Bible into Arabic in 1848. By 1851, the Syria Mission was fully supporting Smith's efforts. Though he completed translating a vast majority of the Bible, Smith sadly passed away in 1857 after nine years of work.

Shortly thereafter, the mission appointed Dr. Van Dyck to continue the work. The translation had come under the purview of the American Bible Society, however, which according to the Arabic Bible Outreach Ministry website, "required a strict adherence to the Textus Receptus of Hahn's Greek Testament." This led to Van Dyck revising every verse in the New Testament, using the basis left by Smith to engage in re-translation. He also translated the remaining books from the Old Testament, consisting mainly of the prophetic books. He completed his work on August 22, 1864. The complete Arabic Bible went to print in March of the next year, nearly two decades after Smith began the work in the 1840s.

It is so amazing to see how God had His hand upon this thoughtful translation. To learn more about the Smith & Van Dyck Arabic translation, we highly recommend reading the history of the translation at the official Arabic Bible Outreach Ministry website.

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Ten Verses on Sanctification

[1Co 1:30 NKJV] But of Him you are in Christ Jesus, who became for us wisdom from God--and righteousness and sanctif

[1Th 4:3-4 NKJV] For this is the will of God, your sanctification: that you should abstain from sexual immorality; th

[2Th 2:13 NKJV] But we are bound to give thanks to God always for you, brethren beloved by the Lord, because God fro

[1Pe 1:2 NKJV] elect according to the foreknowledge of God the Father, in sanctification of the Spirit, for obedien

[Jhn 17:17 NKJV] "Sanctify them by Your truth. Your word is truth.

[Rom 6:19 NKJV] I speak in human [terms] because of the weakness of your flesh. For just as you presented your membe

[Rom 6:22 NKJV] But now having been set free from sin, and having become slaves of God, you have your fruit to holin

[1Th 4:7 NKJV] For God did not call us to uncleanness, but in holiness.

[1Th 2:15 NKJV] who killed both the Lord Jesus and their own prophets, and have persecuted us; and they do not pleas

[Heb 12:14 NKJV] Pursue peace with all [people], and holiness, without which no one will see the Lord:

Ten Popular Verses

[Gen 1:1 KJV] In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.

[Mat 5:1 KJV] And seeing the multitudes, he went up into a mountain: and w

[Jhn 1:1 KJV] In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, an

[Jhn 3:1 KJV] There was a man of the Pharisees, named Nicodemus, a ruler o

[Rom 1:1 KJV] Paul, a servant of Jesus Christ, called [to be] an apostle,

[Rom 8:1 KJV] [There is] therefore now no condemnation to them which are i

[Rom 12:1 KJV] I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, th

[Eph 1:1 KJV] Paul, an apostle of Jesus Christ by the will of God, to the

[Eph 4:1 KJV] I therefore, the prisoner of the Lord, beseech you that ye w

[Jas 1:1 KJV] James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ, to the

Searchable Online Bible with Study Resources

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New American Standard Bible 1995

LSB

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RSV

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ASV

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YLT

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DBY

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WEB

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HNV

Hebrew Names Version

VUL

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WLC

Westminster Leningrad Codex

LXX

Septuagint

mGNT

Morphological Greek New Testament

Textus Receptus

SVD

Smith Van Dyck Arabic Bible

NAV

Open New Arabic Version

RVR09

Reina Valera 1909

RVR60

Reina-Valera 1960

BBE

Bible in Basic English

CHT

Chinese Traditional Union

Espanol Moderno

KOR

Korean Holy Bible

Louis Segond

LUT

German Luther

RST

Russian Synodal Translation

Sagradas Escrituras

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Read the Bible online. A free Bible on your phone, tablet, or computer. | The Bible App | Bible.com

BibleGateway.com: A searchable online Bible in over 150 versions and 50 languages.

John 1 | NLT Bible | YouVersion

New International Version (NIV) - Version Information - BibleGateway.com

OFFICIAL KING JAMES BIBLE ONLINE: AUTHORIZED KING JAMES VERSION (KJV)

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